Refrigerated Freight (Reefer)

Refrigerated freight – reefer, in industry shorthand – moves in trailers or containers equipped with self-contained refrigeration units that maintain a set temperature from pickup to delivery. Temperature ranges vary by commodity: fresh produce might require 34–38�F, frozen foods need -10 to 0�F, and pharmaceuticals often demand a tight 36–46�F band. The reefer unit runs continuously, powered by diesel fuel or – in the case of rail or ocean containers – generator sets or vessel power.

Reefer shipping costs more than dry freight. The equipment is more expensive to operate and maintain, fuel costs are higher because the refrigeration unit runs nonstop, and the carrier pool is smaller – especially for LTL reefer, which has far fewer providers than dry van LTL. Reefer rates can run 20–40% above equivalent dry van rates on the same lane, and the gap widens during peak seasons when cold chain capacity tightens. Accessorial charges specific to reefer include temperature monitoring fees, fuel surcharges for the reefer unit, and pre-cool charges when the trailer must reach temperature before loading.

Temperature compliance documentation is non-negotiable. Reefer shipments require continuous temperature logging – typically via a data recorder on the unit – and receivers will reject loads that show temperature excursions outside the acceptable range. A rejected reefer load isn't just a logistics failure; it's a total loss of perishable product. For food and beverage shippers, claims from temperature excursions are among the most expensive and frustrating freight events.

The shippers who manage reefer freight well invest in carrier relationships with proven cold chain operators, monitor temperature compliance proactively rather than reactively, and ensure their load planning accounts for reefer-specific constraints like pre-cool time, continuous temperature requirements, and the reduced carrier pool.